PFAS in Firefighting Foam: Understanding the Issue and What You Can Do

What Are PFAS?

PFAS, or perfluoroalkyl substances, are synthetic chemicals that feature fluorine atoms attached to carbon chains. These compounds are widely used as surfactants in products like firefighting foam, stain repellents, waterproof coatings, and nonstick cookware. The most studied PFAS include perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS).

Why Should You Care?

PFAS can migrate into soil, water, and air during their production and use. Many PFAS do not break down, earning them the nickname “forever chemicals.” They can accumulate in the environment and the human body, potentially leading to serious health issues, including cancer, liver damage, and decreased fertility.

Recent studies reveal that PFAS are present in 20% of private wells and 60% of public wells in 16 eastern U.S. states. The Pentagon has reported PFAS contamination at over 385 military sites, primarily due to firefighting foam used in training. According to the CDC, PFAS contamination in drinking water is a significant public health concern for the coming decades.

AFFF Foam and PFAS Risks

For years, firefighters have relied on aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) to extinguish tough Class B fires, especially those involving flammable liquids. AFFF combines foaming agents with fluorinated surfactants, which include PFAS. This foam forms a protective film that smothers the fire, cools the area, and prevents re-ignition.

However, the widespread use of AFFF has unintended consequences. The discharge of AFFF can harm the environment due to its toxicity and persistence. Over time, PFAS can leach from foam into soil and groundwater, affecting nearby private and public water sources.

In 2019, a U.N. expert committee recommended a global ban on PFHxS and related substances, which have been used as replacements for PFOS and PFOA. Studies have shown elevated levels of PFHxS and PFOS in firefighters due to their exposure through AFFF, contaminated gear, and training environments.

How to Identify PFAS in AFFF

Identifying PFAS in AFFF can be challenging since these chemicals aren’t always listed on safety data sheets (SDS) and aren’t classified as hazardous. Look for terms like "fluorosurfactant," "fluoroprotein," or "C6" on the label. To confirm, reach out to the manufacturer for detailed information about PFAS in their products.

What Can You Do?

Here are some steps to minimize your exposure to PFAS:

1. Use Low-PFAS or Fluorine-Free Foam: Opt for firefighting foams with low PFAS content or switch to fluorine-free alternatives.

2. Dispose of AFFF Properly: Never dump AFFF down storm drains or landfills. Treat it as hazardous waste.

3. Practice Good Hygiene: Wash your hands thoroughly after handling foam.

4. Review SOPs: Evaluate your fire department's standard operating procedures regarding foam selection and usage.

5. Limit AFFF Use: Only use AFFF for critical situations like hydrocarbon fires or aviation accidents.

6. Modify Training Practices: Avoid using AFFF for training; instead, use specially designed training foams that simulate AFFF without containing PFAS.

7. Educate Staff: Conduct training sessions to raise awareness about the hazards of PFAS.

By taking these steps, you can help reduce the risks associated with PFAS in firefighting foam and protect both your community and the environment